How to write a review article in pharmacy

How to write a review article in pharmacy

As a Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Sciences student, you will engage in a form of academic writing known as scientific writing. You will make claims about some aspect of scientific knowledge and support those claims with evidence found in the literature on your topic, often in the form of data and findings from experiments, and other forms of scientific research  · Writing and organizing the article. The basic components of a review article are the introduction, body, and conclusion. 1 In a review article, the two most important paragraphs are the first and the last. The first paragraph should start off strong and Cited by: 2  · To read more about the different types of reviews, read this article, which provides a good overview: Maria J. Grant & Andrew Booth. "A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies". Health Information and Libraries Journal (26)– DOI: /jxAuthor: Carol Shannon

Home and Help - Pharmacy Students: Year 3 - Research Guides at University of Southern California

View our latest COVID updates. All academic writing requires the author to make a central argument or claim about something and support that with a combination of evidence and reasoning.

As a Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Sciences student, you will engage in a form of academic writing known as scientific writing. You will make claims about some aspect of scientific knowledge and support those claims with evidence found in the literature on your topic, often in the form of data and findings from experiments, and other forms of scientific research.

Scientific writing differs from academic writing in other disciplines in two ways:. As you read the extracts below, how to write a review article in pharmacy, notice the use of cautious language. Academics are generally careful not to make claims that could easily be proved wrong, and use qualifiers, modal verbs and "hedging" expressions "some", "may", how to write a review article in pharmacy, "possibly" to do this.

Before you start writing your essay, you need to plan how you are going to present and support your claim s. Your ideas need to be presented in a logical sequence that is easy for your reader to follow.

You may be able to use headings and subheadings to identify this sequence for your reader. Signposting is a writing technique used to indicate the direction and flow of your argument to your reader. When used correctly, signposts create cohesion within your writing. There are a number of ways that you can link your ideas. Transition markers such as 'on the other hand' are used to organise your argument and to emphasise particular points - e.

cause becausesince, etc. contrast howeveron the other handetc. and example for instanceetc. Use them strategically and carefully. Repeat key words from sentence to sentence, and from paragraph to paragraph, e.

The means typically used have been Use demonstrative pronouns to refer to a keyword or expression already mentioned, e. Your introduction should give an overview of your central claim and how you plan to support it. It should:. This should be fairly broad and could be a specific type of illness, the function of an organ or any broad area related to your topic. Start to narrow your topic by identifying what area you will focus on. This could be a specific form an illness takes, or the way a disease is treated.

This means you need to establish your position in relation to the problem or issue you have identified. Click again to hide the comment. Lecturer's comment 1: The first thing to do in a typical introduction is to introduce the topic, and provide a little relevant background information to orient the reader.

The first statement here identifies the broad topic as "cancer", with a brief description of what it is. Through advances in medical science, different physical procedures have been developed to treat cancer — for example, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.

Lecturer's comment 2: The second stage of a typical introduction limits the scope of the discussion. The next 4 sentences focus on the history of the treatment of cancer, and specifically the role of how to write a review article in pharmacy mind in controlling the disease. In recent years however, there has been a growing perception by cancer specialists and patients that the onset and treatment of cancer may be affected by psychological factors. A new field of research called psycho-oncology has emerged to investigate how the mind can slow down, or even reverse, the progress of cancer.

The results from such studies however, have not always been conclusive, and in the case of retrospective studies, have often proved contradictory. Lecturer's comment 3: This next stage points out the importance or relevance of the topic. This often involves identifying the problem. We don't yet know, however, exactly how the writer is going to tackle the subject. It concludes by examining the merits of alternative therapies with regard to patient psychology.

Lecturer's comment 4: In the final stage of the introduction, the writer gives a brief outline of the structure of the essay, and what the writer intends to achieve. Note, however, that this plan avoids using 'I' statements "In this essay I will Instead it does the same thing in a less personal way: "This essay It concludes by examining In general, "I" is rarely used in scientific writing, where the "facts of research" are required to speak for themselves.

Just like your essay and your introduction, how to write a review article in pharmacy, each paragraph in the body has its own internal structure. Lecturer's comment 1: Notice how the topic sentence in this paragraph maintains the overall theme, the physiology of cancer, while at the same time moving the overall discussion forward. Lecturer's comment 2: Here the writer is further explaining their point, by providing a definition for cancer. There are different types of cancers and tumours, and the body utilises the immune system to destroy the cancerous cells.

If the tumour is malignant, the immune system stops the cancer cells from moving to other areas of the body.

The immune system halts the spread of the cancer cells by the use of cytotoxic T-cells, also known as "natural killer" NK cells Clark, Lecturer's comment 3: The middle of your paragraph is made up of supporting sentences which explain and provide evidence to support your point.

Lecturer's comment 4: Notice how to write a review article in pharmacy the writer has used an information-prominent citation as their evidence.

This means that the information is more important than the researcher, how to write a review article in pharmacy. This is a typical practice in the early stages of an essay. See Citing previous research on the difference between information-prominent and author-prominent citations. This is why much cancer research over the years has concentrated on the immune system because in effect, this system provides the body's own natural cancer treatment.

Lecturer's comment 5: Here the writer is concluding their paragraph and linking the information about the immune system to the next paragraph, where they discuss recent research on their problem. Vary your reporting verbs i. statesclaimssuggestsm aintainsdemonstratesbut make sure the appropriate verb is used. Your conclusion should remind your reader of your overall contention and demonstrate how the points you have raised in the body of your essay support your claim. This is done by summarising your claim with reference to the key points you raised in the body paragraphs.

You can then identify the implications of your research or future directions this research could explore. Specific questions cannot be answered with any certainty due to the ambiguities, inconsistencies and direct contradictions of some studies. Lecturer's comment 1: This conclusion does what is recommended for concluding an essay: it firstly sums up the argument with appropriate reference to the main points discussed, and then attempts to indicate further implications or future directions.

Nevertheless, an examination of the literature that discusses these issues reveals broad findings that are worth emphasising. Second, although the evidence is ambiguous, stress can also affect the onset and progression of cancer. Lecturer's comment 2: You can use signposting within your conclusion to guide your reader to the key points made by your essay. This will also help you keep your summary brief.

Finally, an individual's psychological profile can affect the progression of cancer in the body. Such findings should not be ignored, but rather used to the patient's advantage. With the advent of newer medical technology, more research and greater knowledge about how the mind works, the answers to questions in the field of psycho-oncology will hopefully be revealed. Lecturer's comment 3: The final statement is rather glib — that is, it looks good, but doesn't say very much.

This weakens the overall impact. It might be better to offer a more cautious, how to write a review article in pharmacy, reasoned statement at the end: With the advent of better medical technology and continuing research, answers to some of the questions in the field of mind-cancer research may become clarified.

In the meantime, the professional desire for verifiable results should always be balanced against the how to write a review article in pharmacy well-being. While sharing some characteristics with other forms of academic language, the language used in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science has its own conventions. Click on each point below for more detail. Your academic writing needs to be direct. That means that you present information clearly and unambiguously, with limited or no embellishment.

You are engaging your audience with your ideas, rather than the language you use, so you do not need to write flowery descriptions or use metaphors. For example, instead of:. The white mouse, called Hansel, followed the path left by the grey mouse, Gretel, with calm, cautious movements, like a hunter stalking its prey.

In order for your writing to be analytical, you need to do more than describe what happened. You also need to question what happened and provide your theories about the results. Writing in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science relies on accurate how to write a review article in pharmacy as evidence.

In order to avoid misleading your reader, be as exact and specific as possible. For example, instead of saying:. There are indications of a correlation between hypertension and glucose intolerance Ljungman, et al.

Academic writing in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science should be based on evidence or data rather than an emotional response to the situation. You need to avoid exaggeration and bias, which make your research unreliable. Your essay is about what the evidence reveals, rather than what you think or feel might be true. I think the disease progressed more quickly in the white mouse, Hansel, because she was lonely, while the grey mouse, Gretel, was kept with two other mice, Peter and Paul.

The evidence suggests that socialisation has an impact on the progression of this disease. Quantitative results are those that can be quantified. This means it can be measured and written down numerically. For example, instead of writing about what patients say about a medication qualitativeyou would write about its measurable impact or the percentage of patients whose condition improved after undergoing a specific treatment.

Use the active voice and human agent s where possible. For example, use "Researchers have found

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Review Articles | PharmaTutor

 · Essential Steps in Writing an Evidence-Based Clinical Review Article Choose a common, important topic in family practice. Provide a table with a list of continuing medical education (CME) Cited by:  · Writing and organizing the article. The basic components of a review article are the introduction, body, and conclusion. 1 In a review article, the two most important paragraphs are the first and the last. The first paragraph should start off strong and Cited by: 2 Kota college of pharmacy,ranpur, kota - ABSTRACT The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to The recent developments of FDDS including the physiological and formulation variables affecting gastric retention, approaches to design single-unit and multiple-unit floating systems, and their classification and formulation aspects are covered in detail